---
title: [OR] [P2] [S2] [MII] [C6] Step 3 – Develop Mapping Framework
description: [OR] [P2] [S2] [MII] [C5] Step 2 – Identify Data Sources
image: https://blog.bcm-institute.org/hubfs/OR%20P2%20S2%20Mapping%20Interconnections%20and%20Interdependencies/%5BOR%5D%20%5BP2%5D%20%5BS2%5D%20%5BMII%5D%20%5BC6%5D%20Step%203%20%E2%80%93%20Develop%20Mapping%20Framework.jpg
---
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###### From Complexity to Clarity: Mapping Interconnections and Interdependencies for Operational Resilience
# \[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C6\] Step 3 – Develop Mapping Framework
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0b279667-64c6-44b6-9618-1127feb5334f)
With the scope defined and data sources identified, the next step is to **develop a structured mapping framework**. This framework provides the blueprint for how interconnections and interdependencies will be organised, visualised, and analysed.
Without a clear framework, mapping efforts risk becoming:
- Inconsistent across business units
- Difficult to interpret and analyse
- Misaligned with operational resilience objectives
A well-designed framework ensures that mapping is:
- **Structured and scalable**
- **Consistent across the organisation**
- **Aligned to Critical Business Services (CBS)**
- **Usable for downstream activities** such as scenario testing and recovery planning
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/dbcad25a-5ca0-4bd8-ae1b-7906de022d85)
[Moh Heng Goh](https://blog.bcm-institute.org/ebook-or/author/moh-heng-goh) May 4, 2026
###### Operational Resilience Certified Planner-Specialist-Expert
### [](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/6072e46a-8b7a-441a-9257-0c17043af1f5)
### \[P2\] \[S2\] Chapter 6
#### [](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0b279667-64c6-44b6-9618-1127feb5334f)
### Step 3 – Develop Mapping Framework
#### **Introduction**
With the scope defined and data sources identified, the next step is to **develop a structured mapping framework**. This framework provides the blueprint for how interconnections and interdependencies will be organised, visualised, and analysed.
Without a clear framework, mapping efforts risk becoming:
- Inconsistent across business units[![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C6\] Step 3 – Develop Mapping Framework](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/95581d69-3824-4acd-accf-03c2cab43765.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/95581d69-3824-4acd-accf-03c2cab43765)
- Difficult to interpret and analyse
- Misaligned with operational resilience objectives
A well-designed framework ensures that mapping is:
- **Structured and scalable**
- **Consistent across the organisation**
- **Aligned to Critical Business Services (CBS)**
- **Usable for downstream activities** such as scenario testing and recovery planning
#### **Purpose of the Chapter**
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/b5438182-f1e5-4248-bea5-2d5044665d8d)
The purpose of this chapter is to:
- Define the **structure of interconnection mapping**
- Establish how CBS are broken down into manageable components
- Introduce key elements such as **data flows, system interfaces, and relationships**
- Provide a framework for capturing **dependencies and connectivity**
#### **Defining the Mapping Structure**
##### **Hierarchical Structure**
At the core of the mapping framework is a **hierarchical structure** that organises service delivery into logical layers:
***CBS → Sub-CBS → Processes → Resources***
##### **Critical Business Services (CBS)**
- Represents the **end-to-end service delivered to customers or stakeholders**
- Serves as the **anchor point for all mapping activities**
**Example:**
- Payments & Funds Transfer Services
##### **Sub-CBS**
- Breaks down CBS into **distinct service components or functional segments**
- Enables more granular analysis
**Example:**
- Payment Initiation
- Authentication & Authorisation
- Clearing & Settlement
##### **Processes**
- Defines the **activities required to deliver each Sub-CBS**
- Includes workflows, decision points, and execution steps
**Example:**
- Transaction validation
- Fraud screening
- Funds availability check
##### **Resources**
- Represents the **assets required to execute processes**, including:
##### **Benefits of the Hierarchical Structure**
- Provides clarity and organisation
- Enables traceability from CBS to underlying components
- Supports structured analysis of dependencies
#### **Including Key Mapping Elements**
Beyond the hierarchical structure, the framework must capture **how components interact and depend on each other**.
##### **Data Flows**
**Definition**
Data flows represent:
- Movement of data between systems, processes, and entities
**Importance**
- Identifies critical data dependencies
- Highlights data integrity and availability risks
**Examples**
- Customer data flowing from front-end applications to backend systems
- Transaction data transmitted to payment networks
##### **System Interfaces**
**Definition**
System interfaces describe:
- Points of interaction between applications and systems
**Importance**
- Identifies integration dependencies
- Highlights potential points of failure
**Examples**
- API connections between mobile banking and core systems
- Integration between payment engines and external networks
##### **Upstream and Downstream Relationships**
**Definition**
- **Upstream:** Components that provide inputs to a process
- **Downstream:** Components that depend on the outputs of a process
**Importance**
- Enables understanding of dependency chains
- Identifies cascading impact pathways
**Examples**
- Upstream: Authentication system
- Downstream: Payment processing system
#### **Framework Components**
The mapping framework must incorporate key components that enable comprehensive analysis.
##### **Dependency Layers**
**Definition**
Dependency layers categorise components into distinct groups, such as:
- People
- Processes
- Technology
- Data
- Facilities
- Third parties
**Purpose**
- Provides structured classification of dependencies
- Enables consistent mapping across CBS
##### **Connectivity Flows**
**Definition**
Connectivity flows describe:
- How components interact and exchange information
**Types of Flows**
- Process flows
- Data flows
- System interactions
**Purpose**
- Visualises relationships between components
- Identifies paths through which disruptions may propagate
##### **Interaction Points**
**Definition**
Interaction points are:
- Specific locations where components connect or interact
**Examples**
- API endpoints
- System integration points
- Manual handoffs between teams
**Purpose**
- Highlights critical points of dependency
- Identifies potential failure points
#### **Building the Framework**
##### **Step-by-Step Approach**
Organisations should:
- **Define CBS and Sub-CBS structure**
- **Map processes supporting each Sub-CBS**
- **Identify resources required for each process**
- **Capture data flows and system interfaces**
- **Map upstream and downstream relationships**
- **Categorise dependencies into layers**
##### **Ensuring Consistency**
To ensure consistency:
- Use standard templates and definitions
- Align with organisational taxonomy
- Apply the same framework across all CBS
##### **Validation**
The framework should be validated through:
- Stakeholder workshops
- Cross-functional reviews
- Alignment with actual operations
#### **Practical Illustration**
A simplified framework example:
**CBS:** Payments & Funds Transfer
→ **Sub-CBS:** Payment Processing
→ **Process:** Transaction validation
→ **Resources:**
- Technology: Payment engine
- Data: Transaction database
- People: Operations team
- Third party: Payment network
**Connectivity:**
- Data flow between systems
- API integration with external network
- Upstream authentication system
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/2dbf77a9-2b10-4a06-b39b-ac8f1611e999)
Developing a structured mapping framework is a **critical step in operational resilience implementation**, providing the foundation for consistent and effective interconnection mapping.
By defining:
- A clear **hierarchical structure (CBS → Sub-CBS → Processes → Resources)**
- Key elements such as **data flows, system interfaces, and relationships**
- Core components including **dependency layers, connectivity flows, and interaction points**
Organisations can create a framework that is:
- Comprehensive
- Scalable
- Aligned with operational realities
This framework enables organisations to move beyond fragmented mapping efforts and develop a **coherent, end-to-end view of service delivery**, supporting deeper analysis and resilience planning.
In the next chapter, we will explore **Step 4: Map Processes and Resources**, where this framework is applied to capture detailed operational dependencies across CBS.
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/90d1498f-0cc7-4057-bec0-aca399cc07aa)
| **C1** | **C2** | **C3** | **C4** | **C5** | **C6** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C1\] Introduction to Interconnections and Interdependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/8cbaf41b-9671-404d-83b3-9a20c9fd69f7.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/8cbaf41b-9671-404d-83b3-9a20c9fd69f7) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C2\] Why Mapping is Critical for Operational Resilience](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/a7625fb5-1205-4fc5-97d4-4b7492c2b25f.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/a7625fb5-1205-4fc5-97d4-4b7492c2b25f) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C3\] Core Components of Interconnections and Dependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/38a3cbd4-322a-41bd-974f-5090a2ce52aa.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/38a3cbd4-322a-41bd-974f-5090a2ce52aa) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C4\] Step 1 – Define Scope of Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/69cc922b-c86c-4242-b85b-315a3f941e12.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/69cc922b-c86c-4242-b85b-315a3f941e12) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C5\] Step 2- Identify Data Sources](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/622d0fcc-71bf-4c3b-a569-213cb48bd1db.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/622d0fcc-71bf-4c3b-a569-213cb48bd1db) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C6\] Step 3 – Develop Mapping Framework](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/95581d69-3824-4acd-accf-03c2cab43765.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/95581d69-3824-4acd-accf-03c2cab43765) |
| **C7** | **C8** | **C9** | **C10** | **C11** | ** C12** |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C7\] Step 4 – Map Processes and Resources](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/a4ffedf2-c795-41e9-9a8b-c5e24eea7159.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/a4ffedf2-c795-41e9-9a8b-c5e24eea7159) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C8\] Step 5 – Map Interconnections and Interdependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/10f06848-f21f-457d-aa80-ca4e3b20ce9e.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/10f06848-f21f-457d-aa80-ca4e3b20ce9e) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C9\] Step 6 – Validate Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/57d7a65a-a462-4919-9324-53e0bb207f3e.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/57d7a65a-a462-4919-9324-53e0bb207f3e) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C10\] Step 7 – Analyse Mapping Outputs](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/44bbb252-fdf5-4026-90ba-cbbdbe9c099a.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/44bbb252-fdf5-4026-90ba-cbbdbe9c099a) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C11\] Mapping Tools and Techniques](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/d2fab757-0d78-42dd-8553-044eead7390e.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/d2fab757-0d78-42dd-8553-044eead7390e) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C12\] Standard Templates and Data Structures](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/4f04214c-3a0f-4bed-b2f8-6352c6d3cda0.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/4f04214c-3a0f-4bed-b2f8-6352c6d3cda0) |
| **C13** | **C14** | **C15** | **C16** | **C17** | ** C18** |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C13\] Integration with Operational Resilience Framework](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/c9628dd2-bbcb-4b54-b5b5-490066640d6d.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/c9628dd2-bbcb-4b54-b5b5-490066640d6d) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C14\] Mapping Third-Party and Supply Chain Dependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/0c13b720-3d3e-4452-91e4-b9533260b3a4.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0c13b720-3d3e-4452-91e4-b9533260b3a4) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C15\] Mapping for Digital and Cloud Environments](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/1c90de74-af6b-44d3-ae4f-26d01eac3cf7.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/1c90de74-af6b-44d3-ae4f-26d01eac3cf7) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C16\] Common Challenges and Pitfalls](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/32bbd8d7-f947-42ac-9db9-b88b0b156813.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/32bbd8d7-f947-42ac-9db9-b88b0b156813) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C17\] Case Study – Banking Sector CBS Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/5a846fed-f810-4f6b-a1d8-0c2100f0eeac.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/5a846fed-f810-4f6b-a1d8-0c2100f0eeac) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C18\] Governance and Ownership of Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/44ed11f0-5263-4485-98db-725a423c5fd6.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/44ed11f0-5263-4485-98db-725a423c5fd6) |
| **C19** | **C20** | **C21** | **C22** | | |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C19\] Using Mapping for Scenario Testing](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/b7bf0bc8-b382-4892-821d-c7c867303f14.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/b7bf0bc8-b382-4892-821d-c7c867303f14) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C20\] Maintaining and Updating Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/41d34d1f-78bd-4346-845e-b0b86232cfa6.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/41d34d1f-78bd-4346-845e-b0b86232cfa6) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C21\] Key Takeaways and Future Direction](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/d8414f6b-4b4e-4a50-adb3-963546f13951.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/d8414f6b-4b4e-4a50-adb3-963546f13951) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C22\] Back Cover](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/0f96fecf-9a98-4404-8377-d37c1233df10.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0f96fecf-9a98-4404-8377-d37c1233df10) | | |
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