---
title: [OR] [P2] [S2] [MII] [C3] Core Components of Interconnections and Dependencies
description: [OR] [P2] [S2] [MII] [C3] Core Components of Interconnections and Dependencies
image: https://blog.bcm-institute.org/hubfs/OR%20P2%20S2%20Mapping%20Interconnections%20and%20Interdependencies/%5BOR%5D%20%5BP2%5D%20%5BS2%5D%20%5BMII%5D%20%5BC3%5D%20Core%20Components%20of%20Interconnections%20and%20Dependencies.jpg
---
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###### From Complexity to Clarity: Mapping Interconnections and Interdependencies for Operational Resilience
# \[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C3\] Core Components of Interconnections and Dependencies
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0b279667-64c6-44b6-9618-1127feb5334f)
Operational resilience mapping requires organisations to develop a **comprehensive and structured view of all elements that support the delivery of Critical Business Services (CBS)**.
These elements do not operate in isolation; they are interconnected and interdependent, forming a complex ecosystem that must be clearly understood to ensure resilience under disruption.
To achieve effective mapping, organisations must identify and document the **core components** that underpin service delivery.
These components represent the fundamental building blocks of any CBS and provide the basis for identifying vulnerabilities, assessing risks, and designing recovery strategies.
This chapter introduces the six core components of interconnections and interdependencies:
- **People**
- **Processes**
- **Technology**
- **Information/Data**
- **Facilities**
- **Third-party and fourth-party providers**
It also establishes a key principle: **mapping must encompass both internal and external dependencies** to provide a complete and accurate view of operational resilience.
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/dbcad25a-5ca0-4bd8-ae1b-7906de022d85)
[Moh Heng Goh](https://blog.bcm-institute.org/ebook-or/author/moh-heng-goh) May 4, 2026
###### Operational Resilience Certified Planner-Specialist-Expert
### [](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/6072e46a-8b7a-441a-9257-0c17043af1f5)
### \[P2\] \[S2\] Chapter 3
#### [](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0b279667-64c6-44b6-9618-1127feb5334f)
### Core Components of Interconnections and Dependencies
#### **Introduction**
Operational resilience mapping requires organisations to develop a **comprehensive and structured view of all elements that support the delivery of Critical Business Services (CBS)**.
These elements do not operate in isolation; they are interconnected and interdependent, forming a complex ecosystem that must be clearly understood to ensure resilience under disruption.[![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C3\] Core Components of Interconnections and Dependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/38a3cbd4-322a-41bd-974f-5090a2ce52aa.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/38a3cbd4-322a-41bd-974f-5090a2ce52aa)
To achieve effective mapping, organisations must identify and document the **core components** that underpin service delivery.
These components represent the fundamental building blocks of any CBS and provide the basis for identifying vulnerabilities, assessing risks, and designing recovery strategies.
This chapter introduces the six core components of interconnections and interdependencies:
- **People**
- **Processes**
- **Technology**
- **Information/Data**
- **Facilities**
- **Third-party and fourth-party providers**
It also establishes a key principle: **mapping must encompass both internal and external dependencies** to provide a complete and accurate view of operational resilience.
#### **Purpose of the Chapter**
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/b5438182-f1e5-4248-bea5-2d5044665d8d)
The purpose of this chapter is to:
- Define the **core components** that must be included in interconnection mapping
- Explain the role of each component in supporting CBS delivery
- Highlight how these components interact and depend on one another
- Reinforce the need to include **both internal and external dependencies**
#### **People**
##### **Definition**
The **People** component refers to all individuals and roles required to deliver and support a CBS, including employees, contractors, and specialised personnel.
##### **Key Elements**
- Operational staff executing processes
- Subject matter experts (SMEs)
- Management and decision-makers
- Crisis management teams
- IT and support personnel
##### **Interdependencies**
People are interdependent with:
- Processes (execution of tasks)
- Technology (use of systems and tools)
- Information (decision-making and operations)
##### **Key Risks**
- Key person dependency
- Skills shortages
- Unavailability due to pandemics, crises, or attrition
##### **Mapping Considerations**
- Identify critical roles and responsibilities
- Highlight single points of dependency (e.g., sole experts)
- Assess availability and redundancy
#### **Processes**
##### **Definition**
**Processes** are structured sets of activities that transform inputs into outputs to deliver a CBS.
##### **Key Elements**
- End-to-end workflows
- Business procedures
- Decision points and approvals
- Manual and automated steps
##### **Interdependencies**
Processes rely on:
- People to execute tasks
- Technology to enable automation
- Data to drive decisions
- Third parties for outsourced activities
##### **Key Risks**
- Process bottlenecks
- Manual intervention risks
- Lack of standardisation
- Incomplete documentation
##### **Mapping Considerations**
- Decompose CBS into **sub-CBS and processes**
- Identify upstream and downstream process flows
- Capture dependencies between processes
#### **Technology**
##### **Definition**
The **Technology** component includes all systems, applications, infrastructure, and networks that support CBS delivery.
##### **Key Elements**
- Core applications (e.g., banking systems)
- Supporting applications (middleware, APIs)
- Infrastructure (servers, networks, cloud platforms)
- Cybersecurity controls
Interdependencies
Technology is interconnected with:
- Processes (automation and execution)
- Data (storage and processing)
- Third-party providers (cloud, SaaS, infrastructure vendors)
##### **Key Risks**
- System failures or outages
- Cyberattacks
- Integration failures
- Over-reliance on legacy systems
##### **Mapping Considerations**
- Identify all systems supporting each CBS
- Map system interfaces and integrations
- Highlight shared infrastructure and dependencies
#### **Information / Data**
##### **Definition**
**Information/Data** refers to the data required to execute processes, support decision-making, and deliver services.
##### **Key Elements**
- Customer data
- Transaction data
- Operational data
- Regulatory and reporting data
##### **Interdependencies**
Data flows across:
- Systems (technology platforms)
- Processes (input and output requirements)
- People (analysis and decision-making)
##### **Key Risks**
- Data unavailability or corruption
- Data integrity issues
- Data privacy breaches
- Inadequate data governance
##### **Mapping Considerations**
- Identify critical data required for CBS
- Map data flows between systems and processes
- Highlight data dependencies and storage locations
#### **Facilities**
##### **Definition**
**Facilities** refer to the physical locations and infrastructure required to support CBS delivery.
##### **Key Elements**
- Offices and operational centres
- Data centres
- Branch locations
- Backup and recovery sites
##### **Interdependencies**
Facilities support:
- People (work environment)
- Technology (hosting infrastructure)
- Processes (operational execution)
##### **Key Risks**
- Physical disruptions (natural disasters, fire, denial of access)
- Infrastructure failures (power, cooling, connectivity)
- Geographic concentration risks
##### **Mapping Considerations**
- Identify critical locations supporting CBS
- Map dependencies on physical infrastructure
- Assess geographic and environmental risks
#### **Third-Party and Fourth-Party Providers**
##### **Definition**
This component includes **external entities** that provide products or services supporting CBS delivery, including both direct vendors (third parties) and their subcontractors (fourth parties).
##### **Key Elements**
- Outsourcing providers
- Cloud service providers
- Payment networks and clearing houses
- Technology vendors
- Logistics and support services
##### **Interdependencies**
Third-party dependencies often extend to:
- Technology platforms (e.g., cloud hosting)
- Processes (outsourced operations)
- Data (storage and processing by vendors)
Fourth-party dependencies introduce additional complexity, as organisations may have:
- Limited visibility
- Indirect exposure
##### **Key Risks**
- Vendor failure or disruption
- Concentration risk (single provider supporting multiple CBS)
- Lack of transparency over fourth parties
- Regulatory and compliance risks
##### **Mapping Considerations**
- Identify all third-party dependencies supporting CBS
- Assess criticality and concentration risk
- Map fourth-party dependencies where possible
- Align with third-party risk management frameworks
#### **Integration of Components: A Connected Ecosystem**
While each component can be analysed individually, operational resilience requires understanding **how these components interact as an integrated system**.
##### **Example of Interconnection**
A single CBS may involve:
- People executing processes
- Processes enabled by technology
- Technology processing data
- Data stored in third-party cloud systems
- Facilities hosting infrastructure
A disruption in any one component can impact the entire service chain.
#### **Principle: Internal and External Dependencies**
A fundamental principle of interconnection mapping is:
**Operational resilience mapping must include both internal and external dependencies supporting each CBS.**
##### **Internal Dependencies**
- People
- Processes
- Internal systems
- Facilities
##### **External Dependencies**
- Third-party providers
- Fourth-party ecosystems
- External infrastructure (e.g., payment networks, telecom providers)
#### **Why This Matters**
Focusing only on internal components creates:
- Incomplete mapping
- Hidden risks
- Inadequate resilience strategies
Including external dependencies ensures:
- Full visibility of the service ecosystem
- Better preparedness for systemic disruptions
- Alignment with regulatory expectations
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/2dbf77a9-2b10-4a06-b39b-ac8f1611e999)
The core components of interconnections and interdependencies—**People, Processes, Technology, Information/Data, Facilities, and Third Parties**—form the foundation of operational resilience mapping.
Each component plays a critical role in supporting the delivery of CBS, and their interactions define the organisation’s resilience capability.
Understanding these components in isolation is not sufficient. True resilience comes from recognising how they are **interconnected and interdependent**, forming a dynamic and complex ecosystem.
By adopting a structured approach to identifying and mapping these components, organisations can:
- Gain comprehensive visibility of service delivery
- Identify vulnerabilities and concentration risks
- Build a strong foundation for impact tolerance, scenario testing, and recovery planning
Most importantly, organisations must ensure that both **internal and external dependencies** are included, as resilience is only as strong as the weakest link in the entire service chain.
In the next chapter, we will explore the **methodology for mapping interconnections and interdependencies**, providing a step-by-step approach aligned with the Operational Resilience Planning Methodology.
[](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/90d1498f-0cc7-4057-bec0-aca399cc07aa)
| **C1** | **C2** | **C3** | **C4** | **C5** | **C6** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C1\] Introduction to Interconnections and Interdependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/8cbaf41b-9671-404d-83b3-9a20c9fd69f7.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/8cbaf41b-9671-404d-83b3-9a20c9fd69f7) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C2\] Why Mapping is Critical for Operational Resilience](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/a7625fb5-1205-4fc5-97d4-4b7492c2b25f.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/a7625fb5-1205-4fc5-97d4-4b7492c2b25f) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C3\] Core Components of Interconnections and Dependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/38a3cbd4-322a-41bd-974f-5090a2ce52aa.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/38a3cbd4-322a-41bd-974f-5090a2ce52aa) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C4\] Step 1 – Define Scope of Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/69cc922b-c86c-4242-b85b-315a3f941e12.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/69cc922b-c86c-4242-b85b-315a3f941e12) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C5\] Step 2- Identify Data Sources](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/622d0fcc-71bf-4c3b-a569-213cb48bd1db.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/622d0fcc-71bf-4c3b-a569-213cb48bd1db) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C6\] Step 3 – Develop Mapping Framework](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/95581d69-3824-4acd-accf-03c2cab43765.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/95581d69-3824-4acd-accf-03c2cab43765) |
| **C7** | **C8** | **C9** | **C10** | **C11** | ** C12** |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C7\] Step 4 – Map Processes and Resources](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/a4ffedf2-c795-41e9-9a8b-c5e24eea7159.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/a4ffedf2-c795-41e9-9a8b-c5e24eea7159) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C8\] Step 5 – Map Interconnections and Interdependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/10f06848-f21f-457d-aa80-ca4e3b20ce9e.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/10f06848-f21f-457d-aa80-ca4e3b20ce9e) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C9\] Step 6 – Validate Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/57d7a65a-a462-4919-9324-53e0bb207f3e.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/57d7a65a-a462-4919-9324-53e0bb207f3e) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C10\] Step 7 – Analyse Mapping Outputs](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/44bbb252-fdf5-4026-90ba-cbbdbe9c099a.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/44bbb252-fdf5-4026-90ba-cbbdbe9c099a) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C11\] Mapping Tools and Techniques](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/d2fab757-0d78-42dd-8553-044eead7390e.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/d2fab757-0d78-42dd-8553-044eead7390e) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C12\] Standard Templates and Data Structures](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/4f04214c-3a0f-4bed-b2f8-6352c6d3cda0.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/4f04214c-3a0f-4bed-b2f8-6352c6d3cda0) |
| **C13** | **C14** | **C15** | **C16** | **C17** | ** C18** |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C13\] Integration with Operational Resilience Framework](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/c9628dd2-bbcb-4b54-b5b5-490066640d6d.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/c9628dd2-bbcb-4b54-b5b5-490066640d6d) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C14\] Mapping Third-Party and Supply Chain Dependencies](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/0c13b720-3d3e-4452-91e4-b9533260b3a4.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0c13b720-3d3e-4452-91e4-b9533260b3a4) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C15\] Mapping for Digital and Cloud Environments](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/1c90de74-af6b-44d3-ae4f-26d01eac3cf7.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/1c90de74-af6b-44d3-ae4f-26d01eac3cf7) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C16\] Common Challenges and Pitfalls](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/32bbd8d7-f947-42ac-9db9-b88b0b156813.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/32bbd8d7-f947-42ac-9db9-b88b0b156813) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C17\] Case Study – Banking Sector CBS Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/5a846fed-f810-4f6b-a1d8-0c2100f0eeac.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/5a846fed-f810-4f6b-a1d8-0c2100f0eeac) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C18\] Governance and Ownership of Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/44ed11f0-5263-4485-98db-725a423c5fd6.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/44ed11f0-5263-4485-98db-725a423c5fd6) |
| **C19** | **C20** | **C21** | **C22** | | |
| [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C19\] Using Mapping for Scenario Testing](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/b7bf0bc8-b382-4892-821d-c7c867303f14.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/b7bf0bc8-b382-4892-821d-c7c867303f14) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C20\] Maintaining and Updating Mapping](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/41d34d1f-78bd-4346-845e-b0b86232cfa6.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/41d34d1f-78bd-4346-845e-b0b86232cfa6) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C21\] Key Takeaways and Future Direction](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/d8414f6b-4b4e-4a50-adb3-963546f13951.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/d8414f6b-4b4e-4a50-adb3-963546f13951) | [![\[OR\] \[P2\] \[S2\] \[MII\] \[C22\] Back Cover](https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/3893111/0f96fecf-9a98-4404-8377-d37c1233df10.png)](https://cta-redirect.hubspot.com/cta/redirect/3893111/0f96fecf-9a98-4404-8377-d37c1233df10) | | |
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